Casinos Like Zodiac Casino | Sister Sites 2025

Zodiac Casino, powered by Microgaming, is a casino that revolves around astrology. Its celestial design provides easy access to a wide variety of online games. It is one of the online casinos under the management as well as control of the popular Casino Rewards Group. This reliable online casino was licensed and regulated under the jurisdiction of Kahnawake and also the Alcohol plus Gaming Commission of Ontario, which makes it one of the very most sought-after online casinos in the betting industry. The casino is controlled by Casino Reward Group. which also has many other Zodiac Casino sister sites in its folder.

The assortment of slots at Zodiac Casino is among the biggest in the industry. The online casino features three different varieties of slot games. The very first and most extensive are the video slots. Each of the games within this category features its own unique paytable, theme, and also group of features. The second classification is three-reel slots, where players benefit from amazingly high payline wins. The third as well as most appealing category, the AWPs, are based on arcade-style games from Britain.
The admirers of table games can find a vast array of choices to quench their cravings. From classic favorites to lesser-known gems, the collection is diverse as well as extensive. With many versions of popular games and unique offerings such as sic bo, Poker Pursuit, as well as red dog, players are spoiled for choice.
Zodiac Casino is a haven for video poker lovers, providing an extensive compilation of games that appeal to diverse-stakes started from Jack or Better to Jackpot Deuces. This online casino site offers a wide array of variants that can be played in various formats, including single-hand, multi-hand Power Poker, and also Level Up Poker with exciting multiplier features.

By our standards, Zodiac Casino does a wonderful job with customer support. This is mainly since they feature live chat on a 24/7 basis. Through this technology, players can easily get the responses they need within minutes, even seconds. Zodiac Casino also features toll-free telephone access from a multitude of countries, along with a dedicated e-mail address for far more complex inquiries.

Zodiac Casino focuses on its players’ security and also confidence. To achieve this, the casino utilises advanced 128-bit SSL encryption to guard all data transmitted to and from its network. This state-of-the-art technology renders sensitive information fully unreadable to unauthorized parties, while an enterprise-grade firewall provides an extra layer of protection as soon as the data gets to the casino’s server.

We are thrilled by Zodiac Casino’s devotion to transparency and fairness in their games. The casino undergoes frequent audits by eCogra, a integrity of their games. The outcomes of these audits are publicly available on the casino’s website, offering a complete breakdown of the payout percentages for every game in the past month, as well as can be accessed by clicking on the eCogra seal at the bottom of the page.

Zodiac Casino is one of the best online casinos, however, you are are looking for a better alternatives from the sister sites, we have got you covered. We are going to explore all the top Zodiac Casino sister sites and other similar casinos online to help you choose the most suitable option.

Zodiac Casino Sister Sites:

Zodiac Casino is a superb casino website however, if you are trying to find some other sites similar to Zodiac Casino that you can join, we’ve got you covered. This article will not only reveal all the websites like Zodiac Casino but will even explain to you the best quality online casinos with awesome games and also bonus deals that can be used as options to Zodiac Casino.

Sites Like Zodiac Casino

1. Betonline.ag

BetOnline.ag is among the greatest online casino gaming sites like Zodiac Casino that has been functioning since 2001. They offer a user-friendly interface which allows clients to navigate the website with ease and place bets on a wide range of sports, which includes football, basketball, baseball, and tennis, among others. Customers can also place bets on horse racing and esports. The platform features various offers as well as bonuses, including welcome bonus deals, reload bonus deals, and also referral bonuses, and also a loyalty program that compensates customers for their gambling activity.

Other than the sportsbook, this Zodiac Casino related website boasts a casino segment that offers a range of games, such as slots, table games, and also video poker. The casino section includes live dealer games, supplying players with a more fantastic gaming expertise. The site accepts many payment options, including credit cards, cryptocurrencies, and bank transfers.

BetOnline.ag offers numerous games, including Blackjack, Three Card Poker, Let It Ride, Craps, Keno, Pai Gow Poker, Baccarat, and even Viking Voyage. Dota 2 and Rocket League are also offered for gambling purposes.

One of the advantages of using BetOnline.ag is its approval of cryptocurrency deposits. The Zodiac Casino alternative has two different live casino studios with variable betting restrictions, which makes it accessible to a broader market. BetOnline.ag is backed on numerous websites and operating systems, which makes it possible for customers to access the website from various devices.

About the downside, BetOnline.ag includes a restricted withdrawable amount for each transaction, and there isn’t any reference to the optimum payout per month. Nonetheless, BetOnline.ag offers a comprehensive online gambling expertise for sports lovers and casino game lovers. This casino is probably not among the Zodiac Casino sister sites yet has many characteristics just like them.

2. Jackpot City Casino

Our next stop on the websites like Zodiac Casino is Jackpot City Casino. This online casino features over 400 games, classified into virtual, live, and casino segments. It has been operational since 1998 and has gaming certificates issued by Malta Gaming Authority and also Kahnawake Gaming Commission.

Its reach extends to Malta, Kahnawake, and Sweden, with entry issued simply to players over 18 years old. The casino offers a number of games, such as slots, table games, video poker, and live dealer games.

Its software providers are respected, offering superior design as well as excellent play. In addition to the games, you’ll find bonus deals such as the sign up bonus of $1600, jackpots, plus promotional offers.

This trendy Zodiac Casino alternative is powered by Microgaming and Evolution Gaming, two of the leading software companies on the globe. Customer service is both rapid and also receptive.

Games to choose from include Casino War, Aces and Faces Poker, The Dark Knight, 75 Ball Bingo, Scratch Card, Spot Kick, Boxing Bed (Ludo), Bridezilla, Couch Potato, Tomb Raider, Poker Pursuit, 7 Fortune Frenzy, and many others.

Advantages of Jackpot City are the ample sign up bonus, swift and safe payment as well as withdrawal options, plus an easy-to-use interface. The casino’s only downside is the failure to approve cryptocurrency payments, plus free games will need enrollment first. You can add this among the top Zodiac Casino sister websites but they are different in ownership.

3. Bovada

Bovada is another online gambling website like Zodiac Casino developed by Calvin Ayre in 2011, provides a vast range of betting as well as gaming options to clients. The platform, now run by Mohawk Morris Gaming Group, has attained tremendous recognition globally because of its diverse range of online gaming actions, such as sports betting, casino games, poker, and horse racing.

Bovada’s sportsbook is a crucial feature that allows users to place bets on a wide variety of sporting events from around the globe, providing competitive odds plus a user-friendly interface.

The Zodiac Casino related casino website also provides a substantial casino segment with a diverse selection of games. Gamblers can also enjoy classic table games such as blackjack, roulette, plus baccarat, as well as a wide array of slots and also video poker machines. The casino is run by reputable software providers, guaranteeing a good-quality gambling expertise.

Bovada’s payment methods are convenient, allowing customers to deposit and also withdraw funds effortlessly, and it considers user safety by providing encryption technology to guard private and financial data. The platform is also mobile-friendly, allowing customers to access their favorite games as well as bets on the run.

Some of the games available on the great Zodiac Casino alternative consist of Savage Buffalo Spirit, Road 2 Riches, Lucky Crew, Wild Cash, Trey Poker, Shopping Spree, Reels & Wheels, Minesweeper XY, 777 Deluxe, Domnitor’s Treasure, and Gold Rush Gus, and many others.

Bovada’s swift payouts and fantastic reputation are a few of its notable benefits. However, clients may pay deposit and withdrawal charges, and the website offers limited payment alternatives compared to other betting websites.

4. Spin Casino

Spin Casino is one of the websites like Zodiac Casino that was founded in 2001, is a renowned online casino offering an extensive collection of games for players worldwide. The site boasts an easy-to-use interface, ensuring easy navigation and quick access to your favourite games.

The Zodiac Casino related site provides a huge collection of games, such as slots, table games, video poker, along with a live dealer segment in which users may engage in real-time games with real dealers. They also have a poker room with various cash games and tourneys that cater to gamblers of all skill-sets. The website ensures a secure and fair atmosphere for online poker play.

Spin Casino features assorted promotions and bonuses for its clients, including welcome rewards, reload bonus deals, and loyalty rewards. Some of the games offered on this fabulous Zodiac Casino alternatives include King Cashalot, Major Millions, Treasure Nile, Atlantic City Blackjack, Super Fun 21, Multi-Hand Blackjack, Better, Deuces Wild, Jackpot Deuces, Rhino Rilla Re, Amazing Link Fates, 15 Tridents, Cash ëN Riches Megaways, among others.

The website provides a great loyalty program, making it simple for users to deposit and also withdraw money. Nonetheless, the site style and design may appear obsolete, and there are less games accessible than some of Spin Casino’s contenders.

5. Mummys Gold

Mummys Gold is the next on our list of best sites similar to Zodiac Casino online owned by Digimedia, continues to provide the best games, excellent customer care, and lucrative bonuses since 1998. Operating under a license issued by the Malta Gaming Authority, Mummys Gold guarantees an excellent gaming atmosphere for all participants.

The sister casino software, powered by Microgaming, provides about 500 high-quality games with wonderful design and also smooth gaming. Mummys Gold provides a distinct selection of games, such as slots, table games, video poker, and progressive jackpots. The website offers well-known games like Mega Moolah, Goddes of Wisdom, and Prince of Olympus, amongst others.

Beginners may benefit from a lucrative sign up reward, while existing members can benefit from regular promos plus a satisfying loyalty program. This Zodiac Casino alternative supports various banking options, guaranteeing safe deposit and withdrawal transactions.

Nevertheless, Mummys Gold’s wagering specifications are very high, and they do not have live dealer games.

6. All Slots Casino

All Slots Casino is an online casino website just like Zodiac Casino that boasts a wide array of games that cater to many tastes of gamblers. The site provides you with a user-friendly interface that allows simple navigation and location of preferred games. The casino offers distinct varieties of games, like table games, video poker, as well as slots.

On top of that, the casino provides a live dealer segment that allows players to enjoy in real-time with actual agents. Also, the site provides many promotions as well as bonuses, including reload bonuses, loyalty incentives, as well as sign up bonuses. The casino has a VIP program that compensates dedicated customers with special rewards and bonuses.

The Zodiac Casino similar casino is recognized for its regular updates to its game collection, ensuring that gamblers have access to the new games. The casino also offers gamblers with many payment choices like credit cards, e-wallets, and bank transfers. Customer care is available round-the-clock and can be accessed via email or even live chat.

The help team is very open and professional, making sure that players’ questions and concerns are resolved promptly.

A few of the games found on the site are: Chicago Gold, Adventures of Doubloon Island, Amazon Links Zeus, Queen of Alexandria, Odinís Riches, Silver Seas, Assassin Moon, Hyper Strike, Amber Sterling Mystic Shrine, Serengeti Gold, Atlantis Rising, Galactic Gold, and others.

The casino’s benefits include swift withdrawals, many games, and countless special offers. Having said that, there are a few limitations, like missing information on terms and conditions also unimpressive customer service. The only grounds we may not refer to this as one of many Zodiac Casino sister websites is that they are not managed by the same corporation.

7. Gaming Club Casino

The next on our websites similar to Zodiac Casino list is Gaming Club Casino. It was started in 1994 and run by Carmen Media Group, Gaming Club Casino is a distinguished online casino that has gained an identity for offering top-quality gambling experiences to gamblers. The casino is certified and regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority, ensuring a safe and fair gaming setting.

Gaming Club Casino boasts an innovative and engaging games assortment that is run on Microgaming’s software platform. The casino provides ample sign up bonus deals for fresh members and ongoing promotions plus a profitable loyalty program for regular gamblers. They prioritize gambler safety and employ sophisticated encryption technology to secure private and also financial info.

The Zodiac Casino sister site supports various payment alternatives, making it convenient for gamblers to deposit and withdraw funds securely. This great Zodiac Casino alternative also promotes responsible gambling and supplies resources for gamblers to control their gaming routines. The casino exercises fair gaming, with its games often evaluated for fairness by eCOGRA, a private auditing organization.

Gaming Club Casino’s games archives features trendy game titles such as Game of Thrones, Tomb Raider, Mega Moolah, Vegas Strip Blackjack, French Roulette, Keno, Immortal Romance, Thunderstruck II, Dark Knight, Hellboy, Roulette Royale, American roulette, and many more. Also, the casino offers live dealer games, which provide an exciting gaming expertise.

Although Gaming Club Casino provides extremely high payouts and awesome sign up bonuses, the playthrough conditions for the welcome reward can be hard to browse through. Additionally, there’s limited data available about the loyalty reward.

8. BetUS

BetUS is a standard online sportsbook and casino similar to Zodiac Casino that has been delivering sports betting plus casino gaming solutions since its creation in 1994, under the management of Jason Berg. BetUS is a reliable brand in the online gaming industry, due to its 20 experience and its ability to offer a broad selection of betting options and casino games. As a sportsbook, BetUS offers a thorough range of sports to bet on, including popular sports such as football, basketball, soccer, baseball, and many more. BetUS provides very competitive chances, live betting opportunities, and various types of wagers to improve the customer’s gaming expertise. BetUS contains all top sporting events and tournament, offering a comprehensive range of betting opportunities.

BetUS takes the safety and also stability of its platform seriously, utilizing innovative encryption technology to guard players’ personal and financial info. This Zodiac Casino substitute platform is user-friendly and also supports various banking options, which makes it easy for players to pay in and withdraw funds. BetUS provides round-the-clock customer service via live chat, email, and also telephone to ensure that players are always covered.

The Zodiac Casino similar site’s games are famous choices like Jokers Wild, Jacks or Better, Golden Dragon Inferno, 88 Frenzy Fortune, Expansion, Safari Sam, Jungle Stripes, Wild Drops, Golden Hours, Kensie Blades, Buffalo Bounty, and also Gold Heist. BetUS features a welcome reward of up to 125%, rapid payouts, and round-the-clock customer service. On the other hand, it is very important note that BetUS has got minimal banking alternatives, and deposit bonuses reach its expiration date after 14 days.

9. Lucky Tiger Casino

Lucky Tiger Casino is a well-known online casino site similar to Zodiac Casino that boasts an extraordinary theme, a diverse game collection, and lucrative promotions. It was established in 2020 and it has since gained popularity in the online gambling network. The casino is authorized and controlled by the government of Curacao, which makes sure that the site and its games are trustworthy.

This Zodiac Casino similar website provides a user-friendly interface that is simply navigable, and it is equally designed for mobile phones, enabling customers to enjoy their most favorite games on the go. Lucky Tiger Casino features a wide range of games, which includes slots, table games, video poker, and a live dealer section where by gamblers can enjoy games with real dealers in real-time.

Gamblers may as well benefit from the numerous promotions and rewards offered, such as welcome rewards, reload bonus deals, and also loyalty incentives. The casino has a VIP program which compensates loyal players with unique perks and bonus deals. Lucky Tiger Casino provides a number of banking alternatives for customers, like credit cards, e-wallets, and bank transfers.

Some of the popular games on this Zodiac Casino alternative site are Achilles, Cash Bandits, Bubble Bubble, Blackjack, European Roulette, Baccarat, Jacks or Better, Keno, Fish Catch, Craps, Treasure Tree, Naughty or Nice?, and many more.

Even though the casino has lots of pros, including a wide range of games and also range of bonuses, it equally has a couple of disadvantages. For instance, response times from customer care are slow, and also the site appears to have slow loading times as well as glitches.

To sum it up, Lucky Tiger Casino supplies a vivid and interesting gambling expertise for players, and it’s certified and regulated by the government of Curacao, making sure that gamblers can believe in the website as well as its games. With a wide collection of games and numerous special offers plus banking options, Lucky Tiger Casino is a fantastic substitute for online gambling fans.

10. High Noon Casino

High Noon Casino is a popular online casino site like Zodiac Casino that offers a varied selection of games to its users, which range from traditional slots, table games, and video poker to a live dealer sector that enables players to experience the thrill of playing with actual agents in real-time.

The Zodiac Casino sister site features a user-friendly interface that is very easy to navigate, which makes finding favorite games a breeze. Moreover, High Noon Casino provides a number of promos as well as rewards, including welcome bonuses, reload bonuses, and loyalty rewards, and a VIP program which grants exclusive rewards and bonus deals to devoted users.

The casino features different payment choices, including credit cards, e-wallets, and also bank transfers, with rapid and reputable payouts being a standout trait of the website. Withdrawals are often processed within 24 hours, which is a tremendous advantage on some other online casinos.

High Noon Casino is authorized and regulated by the government of Curacao, which makes sure that players can easily trust the website and its games. The site is flexible, allowing users to play their favorite games while on the move.

One special trait of High Noon Casino is its Wild West theme, which brings an element of fun and excitement to the overall expertise. Some of the games on the website include 777, 5 wishes, Achilles, 7’s and stripes, Achilles Deluxe, Aladdin’s wishes, Ancient Gods, Asgard deluxe, Bonkers, and more.

Overall, High Noon Casino provides a broad selection of games, quick and efficient payouts, and a user-friendly interface, making it an incredible alternative for online casino enthusiasts. However, it is vital to keep in mind that this Zodiac Casino alternative site doesn’t offer sports betting choices and might not be offered in all countries. Generally, High Noon Casino is a trusted and pleasant online casino that’s really worth checking out.

11. Ruby Fortune Casino

Ruby Fortune is one of the top rated sites like Zodiac Casino. It is a Malta-based online casino that was launched in 2003 and it is run by Bayton Limited. With more than 450 high-quality games available, the whole casino is powered by Microgaming Viper software. As Maltese first licensees, they have been in operation for the lengthiest and also hold a license with the Kahnawake Gaming Commission as well.

Ruby Fortune is available both as software to be downloaded plus an instant non-download play option. Also, mobile gaming via the web browser on your mobile phone is allowed on this Zodiac Casino related website and also apps that exist on Android and IOS devices. They take into consideration all sorts of gambling ranging from pros to newbie players but they are tough on the age of the client, who must be eighteen and above. Software companies like Evolution, Foxium, NetEnt, and Microgaming help with the games offered on this website.

Some of the games on this website include Amazing Zeus, Thunderstruck, Mega Moolah, Mask of Fire, Legacy of Oz, Book of Oz, Ariana, 9 Pots of Gold, Live Double Roulette, Book of Atem, Break the Bank Again, Assassin’s Moon, and many more.

Advantages of this Zodiac Casino substitute are several banking options, availability on both IOS and Android gadgets, and outstanding customer service. On the other hand, it is prohibited in some countries, and the withdrawal cap is extremely high.

12. Club World Casino

Club World Casino is an online-based casino site similar to Zodiac Casino which has been operating since 2005 under the ownership of the Club World Casino Group. It received its permit and also regulation from the government of Curacao, which assures users of the excellence and legitimacy of the website and its games. Players have access to the Zodiac Casino related site on their smart phones, enabling them to enjoy their favorite games while on the go.

The website is developed with a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to browse through and uncover preferred games. Club World Casino offers users with a multitude of game options, like table games, slots, and video poker.

The casino likewise features a live dealer segment that offers real-time gameplay with real agents. Payment choices for players are credit cards, bank transfers, and also e-wallets, also the casino is renowned for its swift and reliable payouts, with most withdrawals processed within 24 hours. Amongst the casino’s special qualities is its emphasis on providing a top-class gaming expertise.

Some of the games seen on the website include Masks of Atlantis, Caribbean draw poker, Alien wins, Ancient gods, Asgard, Tri card poker, Aces and eights, Banana jones, Fish catch, Megasaur, Shopping spree, Spirit of the inca, and several others. The Zodiac Casino sister casino features high-quality layouts, and its flexible design enables users to view the site on different gadgets. However, the casino is not accessible in all nations, and you will find no sports betting choices.

13. Aladdin’s Gold Casino

Aladdin’s Gold Casino is an exceptional gaming site similar to Zodiac Casino that takes creativity from the well-known tale of Aladdin and his enchanted lamp. It is owned and operated by BeSoftware N.V., an enterprise based in Curacao, and has been inoperation since 2009.

The casino is fueled by Realtime Gaming (RTG), providing a range of first-class casino games. The gaming categories seen on the website include slots, table games, video poker, and also specialty games. The slot variety has both classic and also contemporary titles with spectacular design and bonus services.

The table games series features popular alternatives like blackjack, roulette, and baccarat. Aladdin’s Gold Casino offers beautiful promotions and rewards, such as a large welcome package and also regular promotions for active members.

The site prioritizes safety, utilizing state-of-the-art encryption technology to protect customers’ private and financial information. Aladdin’s Gold Casino runs under a certificate from the Curacao eGaming Authority, ensuring compliance with industry conditions and also offering a reliable and safe gambling experience.

This Zodiac Casino sister site offers an outstanding collection of games, such as Great Temple, Icy Hot Multi-Game, All American Poker, Aztec’s Millions, Caribbean Stud Poker, Keno, Banana Jones, Fish Jones, Bubble Bubble, and much more.

A few of the benefits of Aladdin’s Gold Casino include secure and also rational gaming, a wide game selection, plus an clean design and setting. Nevertheless, the website has limited accessibility as well as a limited software provider.

14. Silver Oak Casino

Silver Oak Casino, run by the Ace Revenue Group, is a sturdy online gaming site similar to Zodiac Casino that provides a good and safe gaming environment for players. Developed in 2009, the casino offers an intensive collection of games through different categories, such as classic three-reel slots, feature-packed video slots, table games like blackjack, roulette, baccarat, and a lot more. The podium also provides video poker, specialty games, and live dealer options for a great gambling experience.

The casino has become a popular spot for gamblers seeking many state-of-the-art casino games plus generous promotions. Some of the games available are Penguin Palooza, T-Rex, Naughty or Nice, Stardust, Bubble Bubble, Great Temple, Black Jack, Sweet Shop Collect, Masks of Atlantis, Bonus Wheel Jungle, Neon Wheels 7s, Perfect Pairs, etc.

One benefit of Silver Oak Casino is the option of many games. Also, the site offers quick withdrawals as well as tailored VIP programs. But, the customer service reply time is often slow, and the site may sometimes be unresponsive. Overall, this fantastic Zodiac Casino alternative provides an enjoyable and secure gaming experience for gamblers who are searching for a wide collection of games as well as special offers.

15. Royal Ace Casino

Royal Ace Casino, a renowned online gambling website like Zodiac Casino founded in 2009, is owned and operated by the Ace Revenue Group. Driven by Realtime Gaming (RTG), the casino provides an impressive collection of games across different categories, including classic three-reel slots, modern video slots, and also table games such as blackjack, roulette, baccarat, and also poker. On top of that, they provide video poker and specialty games for added variety. Royal Ace Casino has become a well-known spot for players seeking cutting-edge casino games, substantial promos, as well as a sophisticated environment. They feature a tremendous welcome reward package for fresh members, including match payment rewards as well as complimentary spins.

The Zodiac Casino similar site boasts famous games such as Cash Bandits 2, Bubble Bubble, Achilles, and Deuces Wild, amongst others. Royal Ace Casino offers a VIP program, and it is renowned for being a safe podium for online gambling. But, some players have reported slow withdrawal processing, and also access is restricted in some countries.

Overall, Royal Ace Casino is a good online casino that offers a luxurious gambling expertise to gamblers globally.

16. Planet 7 Casino

Planet 7 Casino is a Costa Rican registered online casino site like Zodiac Casino run by Ace Revenue Group that offers players a huge selection of creatively fascinating and also fun games with smooth gameplay. Utilizing Realtime Gaming software, well-known for its top-quality gaming services, makes sure that gamblers get the best games. Furthermore, the podium supplies a collection of rewards and special offers, such as a nice sign up reward, reload bonus deals, free spins, also cashback deals, to entice and keep gamblers.

A loyalty program equally enables players to earn points and redeem them for incentives. The site boasts a wide choice of games, such as Blackjack, Roulette, Baccarat, Craps, Slots, Video Poker, Caribbean Stud Poker, Pai Gow Poker, Pontoon, and many more, offering gamblers with a multitude of possibilities. Even so, the Zodiac Casino substitute website has limitations on withdrawals as well as slow customer care, which may be a concern for many users.

17. Captain Jack Casino

Captain Jack Casino is a prominent online casino similar to Zodiac Casino that utilizes Real Time Gaming software to run their site. Founded in 2008, they have fascinated a tremendous number of gamblers mainly in the United States. The casino accepts diverse payment options, which includes Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Neteller, and also Click2Pay. Deposits are totally free and also instantly ready for gaming.

However, withdrawals take longer with processing about a couple of days also sending about 7 additional days afterward. The Zodiac Casino sister website is mobile-friendly and also accessible on Mac as well as Windows PCs.

Captain Jack Casino features a lot of games, such as Blackjack, Roulette, Baccarat, Craps, Slots, Video Poker, Caribbean Stud Poker, and Pontoon, among others. The casino’s user-friendly interface and excellent customer care make it a good choice for gamblers. Nevertheless, accessibility to the podium is confined in certain nations.